The common cold

The common cold is caused by a tiny germ called a virus. Viruses are so small they can pass through fine filters that can stop larger germs such as bacteria. People with colds carry lots of these viruses in their noses and throats. These are spread from person to person in the small drops produced during coughing and sneezing. They can also be passed by hand to hand contact after touching infected noses and eyes.

Cold viruses usually infect the nose, throat and lungs with little or no fever. Individuals differ in the number of symptoms they have. Over 100 different viruses can cause a common cold. There is often more than one strain circulating in the community at any one time.

Over half of us catch a cold in winter and over a quarter of us catch one in the spring. School children and people working in hospitals may experience from six to twelve colds a year. Parents or families with young children in day care, pre-school and primary school get about six colds a year. Older adults who are not in contact with children may have two or three colds a year.

Colds are caused by a virus spread by another infected person. A number of conditions can increase your chances of catching a cold. People appear to catch colds indoors during the colder months when living conditions bring people closer together and close to other people’s cold viruses. Closed windows and lack of fresh air also seem to contribute to the problem. Fatigue, poor health, some indoor air pollutants and stress may also increase susceptibility. Cold weather, chills or exposure to cold do not cause colds. In the Antarctic, scientists are free of colds until they return to home. Stress and cigarette smoking reduce resistance to infection and make symptoms more severe.

A common cold cannot be cured by current treatments – the body cures itself! Antibiotics only attack bacteria, they have no effect on the cold virus and should not be used. Antihistamines and decongestants clear nose, sinus and ear congestion. Paracetamol can relieve muscle aches and pains and reduce fever. Nasal decongestant sprays may be useful when your nose is blocked. Long term use of these medications is not recommended, unless advised by your doctor. Throat lozenges, many containing menthol or eucalyptus, are freely available. They are not suitable for young children. Some of these medications have side effects, so ask your doctor which one(s) he/she recommends.

Avoid touching your nose and wash your hands frequently. Drink fruit juice or water to keep your nose, throat and air tubes moist. Eat well balanced meals and get plenty of rest. This conserves energy and may help to avoid complications. Bed rest for 1-2 days may shorten the duration and severity of the cold.

If you have asthma or COPD and have an increase in symptoms, see your doctor without delay. Ask your doctor about an Action Plan so you are prepared for the next time you get a cold.